15 waihona puke hoihoi loa a kū ʻole hoʻi i ka honua
He aha nā hui āu me ka waihona puke? Malia paha ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i nā lumi leʻaleʻa me nā papa lepo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā puke i hoʻoluhi ʻia i ka manawa. A i ʻole noʻonoʻo paha ʻoe i nā waihona archival nui e waiho nei i nā tona o nā palapala a me nā waihona. ʻO kēlā me kēia kiʻi e kau ai kou manaʻo, ʻaʻole paha ia e hoʻomanaʻo iki iā ʻoe i kēlā mau waihona puke a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia lā i kā mākou ʻatikala.
E hoʻohuli aʻe kēia hōʻiliʻili i kou manaʻo, a e loli mau ana ʻoe i kou manaʻo no ka mālama ʻana o nā puke laha ʻole a kū hoʻokahi hoʻi. No laila, ua mākaukau paha ʻoe e ʻike ma hea i loaʻa nā waihona puke maʻamau ʻole o ka honua?
Waihona Puke o Trinity College
Aia ma Dublin, kēia waihona moʻokalaleo kekahi o nā hale waihona puke nani a kū ʻole hoʻi ma ka honua a ua lilo ia i home mau no ka puke kaulana o Book of Kells, i hana ʻia ma 800 e nā mōneka ʻIrani. Aia nā wahi i nā hale ʻelima, aia ʻehā o lākou ma ke Kulanui ʻo Trinity a hoʻokahi ma ka Halemai ʻo St James. ʻO ka hale nui o ka Waihona Kahua Kahiko, i kapa ʻia ʻo "Long Room", e hoʻonui ʻia no 65 mau mika. Ua kūkulu ʻia ma waena o 1712 a me 1732 a i kēia lā nā hale ma luna o 200,000 o nā hana palapala kahiko loa.
ʻO ka Long Room kahi hale wehe hāmama me kahi kaupaku pā, kahi i kau ʻia ai nā puke ma nā papa wale nō ma ka papahele honua. Akā i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 19, ua loaʻa i ka hale waihona puke ke kuleana e mālama i loko o kona mau paia i kahi kope o kēlā me kēia puke i paʻi ʻia ma ʻIlani a me Pelekane Nui, a ʻaʻole lawa nā waihona. I ka makahiki 1860, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻonui i ka waihona waihona a e hoʻonoho i kahi keʻena kiʻekiʻe i luna, kahi e koi ai e hāpai i ke kaupaku i mau mika a hoʻololi i kona ʻano pālahalaha i loko o kahi waihona.
Waihona Puke o Austrian
ʻO ka Waihona Waihona Austrian, aia ma Vienna, ka waihona nui loa o nā waihona ma ʻAukekulia, me nā puke he 7,4 miliona a me nā papyri he 180,000, ka mea kahiko o ia manawa mai ka makahiki 15th BC, i ka hōʻiliʻili like ʻole. e Hoʻokumu ʻia e ka moʻokūʻauhau aliʻi o nā Habsburgs, ua kapa ʻia ia "Imperial Library", akā ma 1920 i loaʻa iā ia kona inoa o kēia manawa.
Aia i loko o ka hale waihona puke nā hale hōʻikeʻike ʻehā, a me nā hōʻiliʻili a me nā waihona he nui. ʻO ka mikiona nui o ka waihona ka hōʻiliʻili a me ka waihona ʻana o nā paʻi a pau i paʻi ʻia ma ʻAukekulia, e like me nā paʻi pāpāho uila.
ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona hiʻohiʻona o kēia hale ʻo kona hoʻonaninani mua: pena ʻia nā paia a me nā kaupaku me nā fresko, a ua hoʻonani ʻia ka hale ponoʻī me nā kiʻi kiʻi he nui. ʻO ia ke kumu i manaʻo ʻia ai kēia hale waihona puke kekahi o nā mea nani loa o ka honua.
Waihona Puke o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo
Aia kekahi waihona waihona puke nani ma ka kapikala US, Wakinekona. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ia i ka makahiki 1800 ma hope o ka pūlima ʻana o Pelekikena John Adams i kahi hana e neʻe ai ke kapikala o ka ʻāina mai Piladelapia a i Wakinekona. A laila ua hoʻokumu ke poʻo o ka mokuʻāina e hana i kahi waihona puke kūikawā hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e kahi hui kūikawā o ka poʻe hoʻolaʻa mai ke aupuni. I kēia lā ua wehe ʻia nā puka o ka waihona i kekahi ma mua o 16 mau makahiki, akā ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kekahi o kāna mau waihona ma ke ʻano he "mea huna" a ʻaʻole hiki i nā poʻe maʻamau.
ʻO ka Waihona Puke o ka ʻAhaʻōlelo ka mea nui loa ma ka honua, nona nā puke, nā palapala, nā palapala, nā kiʻi a me nā palapala ʻāina i miliona. ʻO ka paʻi mua loa o ka US Declaration of Independence (1776) i lilo i kope waihona waiwai nui. ʻO ia kahi hale moʻomeheu pekelala kahiko loa o ʻAmelika a ʻo ia pū kekahi kahi ʻimi noiʻi Congressional. Ma lalo o ke kānāwai o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo kēlā me kēia paʻi ʻana i hoʻopuka ʻia i kahi ʻāina e pono e loaʻa kahi kope hou aku e hoʻouna ʻia i ka waihona Kongres.
Waihona Puke o Palani
ʻO kā mākou papa inoa o nā hale waihona puke hoihoi i ka honua e komo pū me ka National Book Depository o Palani, aia ma Palisa. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia waihona moʻokalaleo me nā kumu aliʻi ma 1368 ma ka Hale Louvre e King Charles V. Akā i ka makahiki 1996, ua loaʻa kahi waihona i kahi hale hou i loko o kahi hanana o nā hale, ʻehā mau hale kiaʻi i kūkulu ʻia ma ke ʻano o kahi puke hāmama.
ʻO ka hōʻiliʻili o kēia hale waihona puke kūikawā ʻole a ʻaʻohe ona analogue i ka honua. Loaʻa iā ia he 14 miliona mau puke, paʻi pepa, kākau lima, kiʻi, palapala ʻāina a me nā hoʻolālā, a me nā moni kahiko, nā mekala a me nā mea hoʻonaninani. Hāʻawi pū kekahi i nā palapala leo a me nā wikiō a me nā hōʻike multimedia.
I ka National Library of France, hiki i nā mea kipa ke ʻike i ka ʻike ākea a nui, inā ʻepekema paha a me nā mea noʻeau. I kēlā me kēia makahiki, mahalo i nā makana a me nā hāʻawi, hoʻopiha hou ʻia ka hōʻiliʻili o ka waihona me 150 tausani palapala hou.
Waihona Puke o Stuttgart
Aia kekahi o nā hale waihona puke ʻoi loa ma Kelemānia ma Stuttgart. ʻO ka hale o waho o ka hale, he pahu kiaha maʻamau ia, maʻalahi maʻalahi a ʻaʻole hoihoi ia, akā ʻo kāna hoʻolālā kūloko kahi mele no ka hou a me ka hana hou. Kūkulu ʻia ma 2011, aia ka waihona waihona ma nā papa he 9, a hoʻolaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia kumuhana i kahi kumuhana ʻokoʻa, no ka laʻana, nā hana noʻeau a moʻomeheu paha a nā keiki.
ʻAʻole ʻoe e ʻike i nā lumi heluhelu kuʻuna me nā mea hana creaky ma aneʻi, akā e kahaha nui ʻia e nā sofas futuristic me nā pale. ʻĀ, nā pahu i hoʻolako pono ʻia no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pūnaewele a me ka hoʻolohe ʻana i nā mele e hoʻopiha wale ai i ke ʻano hou o ka lumi.
ʻO ka hoʻolālā ʻē aʻe i loko o ka hale i manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole e hoʻokūʻiwa i ka manaʻo i mea e kau ai ka manaʻo o ka poʻe kipa i nā puke. Eia nō naʻe, mahalo nui nā paʻi puke ʻoihana i ke kuhikuhipuʻuone o ka waihona kūlanakauhale ʻo Stuttgart a hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka papa inoa o 25 waihona puke nani loa o ka honua.
Waihona Puke o ke Kulanui o Aberdeen
I Kepakemapa 2012, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Queen Elizabeth II i ka wehe ʻana o ka Waihona Puke o ke Kulanui o Aberdeen hou ma Sekotia. Kahi hale ʻokoʻa me ka nui o 15 500 sq. ua lilo nā mika i kikowaena o nā hana hoʻonaʻauao a me ka noiʻi o nā haumāna o ke kulanui. I ka makahiki mua o ka hana, ua kipa aku ka nui o 700 mau mākaʻikaʻi i kēia ʻoihana. Loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 250 tausani puke a me nā palapala, aia kahi lumi heluhelu no ka poʻe 1200, a me kahi hōʻike hōʻikeʻike, kahi e mālama pinepine ʻia ai nā hōʻikeʻike a me nā seminars.
ʻO ke kuhikuhipuʻuone ʻokoʻa o ka hale e pono ke nānā pono ʻia: ʻo kona ʻāpana kahi hui ʻana o nā aniani a me nā laina keʻokeʻo ʻeleʻele, a ʻo ke kikowaena o ka loko o loko kahi atrium futuristic i hohola ʻia ma luna o 8 mau ʻāpana o ka hale. Mahalo i kāna hoʻolālā, ua loaʻa kūpono kēia waihona i ke kūlana o kekahi o nā mea ʻokoʻa a nani loa o ka honua.
Waihona Puke o Bodleian
ʻO ka Waihona Waihona Bodleian, aia ma Oxford, kekahi o nā mea kahiko loa ma ʻEulopa a ʻo ka lua o nā mea nui ma Pelekane, me 11 miliona mau puke a me nā palapala. ʻO kēia kahi e hele ai nā kope o nā paʻi a pau i paʻi ʻia ma ʻEnelani a me ʻIlani. ʻO ka waihona waihona puke nani e ʻelima mau hale a he mau lālā i nā koleke a me nā kula ma ka ʻāina. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole hiki ke lawe i ka puke mai ka hale: hiki i nā malihini kipa ke hoʻopaʻa haʻawina i nā kope wale nō i nā lumi heluhelu kūikawā.
Ua kūkulu ʻia ka Waihona Bodleian i ka kenekulia 14 a ua hana ʻia i kekahi mau hana hou a me nā mea hoʻolōʻihi. ʻO kāna trademark ka Radcliffe rotunda ʻokoʻa, kahi e nui ai nā hale olakino a ʻepekema hoʻi. Ma mua, pāpā ʻia nā lula o ke keʻena i nā malihini kope kope kope, akā i kēia lā ua hoʻomaha ʻia nā koi, a i kēia manawa ua loaʻa i nā mea āpau ka manawa kūpono e hana kope i nā kope i hoʻopuka ʻia ma hope o ka makahiki 1900.
Hale waihona puke ʻo Juanin
ʻO kekahi o nā hale waihona puke nani loa ma ka honua nei aia ma ke Kulanui o Coimbra ma Pokukala. Ua kūkulu ʻia ka vault i ke kenekulia 18 i ke au o ka Mōʻī João V o Pokukala a ua kapa ʻia kona inoa ma hope ona. ʻO nā hale ʻekolu mau lumi i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e nā pio i hoʻonaninani ʻia. Ua hana ka mea pena kiʻi Pukiki maikaʻi loa i ka hoʻonaninani maʻamau ʻole o kēia waihona moʻokalaleo, e hoʻonaninani ana i nā kaupaku a me nā paia o ka hale me nā pena Baroque.
Loaʻa iā ia ma kahi o 250,000 puke e pili ana i ka lāʻau, ka hulihonua, ka mōʻaukala, ke akeakamai, ke kānāwai canon a me ka theology. He kia hoʻomanaʻo lāhui maoli ia o ka waiwai kūikawā mōʻaukala i ka mokuʻāina a lilo i hoʻokahi o nā wahi nani loa ma Pokukala.
Hale waihona puke aliʻi
ʻO kēia Waihona Waihona Nūpepa o Denmark, i hoʻokumu ʻia ma Copenhagen, kahi ʻāpana o ke kulanui nui o ke kapikala. Ua loaʻa i kona ola ka waihona ma 1648 mahalo i ka mōʻī Frederick III, a i kēia lā ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma nā ʻāina Scandinavian. Nui ka waiwai o ka mōʻaukala o kēia wahi: ma hope o nā mea āpau, aia i loko o kona mau paia he nui nā puke paʻi ʻia mai ka hoʻomaka o ka 17th kenekulia.
Hōʻike ʻia ka hale ponoʻī i ke ʻano o nā cubes ʻelua i hana ʻia i ke aniani a me ke kinikiniʻeleʻele, i ʻoki ʻia e kahi aniani quadrangle. Pili ka hale hou me ka waihona 1906 kahiko e nā paukū ʻekolu. I loko, ka vault kahi atrium ʻano-nalu i hohola ʻia ma luna o 8 mau papa. ʻO ka puka i ka lumi heluhelu, i kāhiko ʻia me kahi fresco kūikawā o 210 sq. mika. Loaʻa i ka Royal Book Depository kona kala a me kona ʻano i ka inoa "ʻEleʻele Daimana".
Waihona Puke El Escorial
ʻO ka moku aliʻi o ke kūlanakauhale Sepania o San Lorenzo de El Escorial, aia ma 45 km mai Madrid mai, kahi noho o ka mōʻī Sepania. Ma aneʻi kahi e waiho ai ka hale waihona puke ʻo El Escorial, kahi i manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā mea nui loa o ka honua. ʻO ka hale waihona nui he 54 mika ka lōʻihi a he 10 mau mika ke kiʻekiʻe. Maʻaneʻi, ma nā papa kiʻi kālai ʻia nani, ʻoi aku ma mua o 40 tausani puke i mālama ʻia, i waena o kahi e hiki ai i kekahi ke loaʻa nā manuscripts waiwai nui, e like me ka Euanelio Gula o Henry III.
Aia i loko o ka Escorial Book Depository nā palapala kākau ʻAlapia, nā palapala mōʻaukala a me nā palapala kiʻi. ʻO nā kaupaku a me nā paia o ka hale i hoʻonani ʻia me nā fresko nani e hōʻike ana i 7 mau ʻano o nā hana manawaleʻa: nā haʻiʻōlelo, nā dialectics, nā mele, nā grammar, nā arithmetic, nā geometry a me nā astronomy.
Ka Waihona Puke ʻo Marciana
Hale Waihona Puke o St. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka mana i kahi hale ʻo Renaissance ma Venice, ʻItalia. ʻO kēia kahi o nā waihona mokuʻāina mua i ola a hiki i kēia lā, kahi o ka hōʻuluʻulu nui o nā huaʻōlelo kahiko a me nā palapala kākau kahiko i hoʻopaʻa ʻia.
Hoʻonani nui ʻia ka hale me nā kiʻi kālai, nā pou a me nā pio, a ua hoʻonani ʻia ka loko o ka hale me nā fresko a me nā kiʻi pena, i hana ʻia e nā mea pena kiʻi Italia nui. ʻO ia mea hoʻonaninani e hoʻolilo i kēia waihona moʻokalaleo i kekahi o nā mea nani a ʻano ʻē ʻole o ka honua. Loaʻa i ka waihona ma mua o hoʻokahi miliona kope o nā paʻi paʻi, 13 tausani manuscripts a ma kahi o 24,000 mau puke paʻi ʻia mai ka makahiki 16. Mālama ʻia nā waiwai mōʻaukala maoli ma aneʻi: ka hōʻike o Marco Polo, mele mele kumu na Francesco Cavalli, nā code o ka ʻohana Gonzaga a me nā mea hou aku.
Clementium Waihona Puke
ʻO ka Clementium kahi hale kūkulu mōʻaukala ma Prague e noho nei kekahi o nā hale waihona puke nani loa o ka honua. ʻO ka vault, i kūkulu ʻia ma 1722, hana ʻia i ke kaila Baroque, a i kēia lā ua ʻoi aku kona wahi ma mua o 20 tausani mau mika kūlike. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia hanana ʻano ʻē ma kahi o 22 tausani o nā puke rarest e waiwai nui nei ka mōʻaukala.
ʻO ka hoʻonaninani ʻana iā Clementium ʻaʻole ia he loko nani wale nō, akā ʻo ke kiʻi ʻoi loa. ʻO nā kaupaku Frescoed, nā lako kahiko, nā pale kila gula a me nā puke makamae ma nā papa i kālai ʻia ke kali nei i nā poʻe kipa i kekahi o nā hale waihona puke hoihoi loa o ka honua.
Waihona Waihona Puke a me ka Waihona moʻomeheu o Vennesla
ʻO ka waihona waihona futuristic ʻoi loa i ka honua i hoʻokumu ʻia ma 2011 i ke kūlanakauhale o Stavanger, aia ma ke komohana komohana o Nolewai. Hoʻokumu ʻia ka geometry hale ʻokoʻa o ka hale ma nā kia lāʻau 27 i hana ʻia mai nā lāʻau i hana hou ʻia. Aia kahi kihi heluhelu ʻoluʻolu i waenakonu o kēlā me kēia arc.
I ka wā o ke kūkulu ʻana o ka hanana o kēia au, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka nui o ka wahie, no laila ua hoʻokō ke ʻano i nā koina kaiapuni kiʻekiʻe loa. Ua lanakila ka Hale Waihona Puke ʻo Vennesla i nā hoʻokūkū hoʻokūkū he nui ma Nolewai a me nā ʻāina ʻē.
Waihona Puke Aliʻi Pukiki
ʻO ka Waihona Puke Pukiki Royal, aia ma Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, kūlana ʻehā ma ka papa inoa o nā waihona puke nani loa o ka honua. Hoʻokipa ke ʻano ʻokoʻa i kāna mau malihini kipa me kahi helehelena spiked me nā puka aniani kiʻekiʻe a me nā kiʻi me nā relief bas. A i loko o ka hale e ʻike ʻoe i kahi loko Gothic i hui pū ʻia me kahi kaila Renaissance. Kupaianaha ka lumi heluhelu o ka waihona me kāna chandelier nani nui, kahi kaupaku nui i ke ʻano o ka puka aniani aniani a me kahi papa mosaic paʻakikī.
Aia i loko o kēia waihona puke hoihoi nā waiwai waiwai e pili ana i ka waiwai, me 350,000 mau puke a me nā puke kakaikahi o nā kenekulia 16-18. Eia kekahi, loaʻa nā kope āpau i nā mana uila. Hele mai ma aneʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki nā kaukani o nā paʻi paʻi i paʻi mana ʻia ma Pokukala.
Waihona Puke o ka Mokuʻāina ʻo Victoria
Aia kēia waihona waihona puke nui loa ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Australia ʻo Victoria ma Melbourne. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka waihona ma 1856 a ʻo kāna hōʻiliʻili mua e pili ana i 4000 mau puke. I kēia lā, uhi ka hale i kahi poloka holoʻokoʻa a he nui nā lumi heluhelu, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 1.5 miliona mau puke i loaʻa i loko o kāna waihona. Loaʻa iā ia nā diary kaulana a Kāpena Kuke, a me nā moʻolelo o nā makua hoʻokumu o Melbourne - ʻo John Pascoe Fockner lāua ʻo John Batman.
Ua hoʻonani ʻia ka loko me nā alapiʻi nani i kālai ʻia a me nā kapeta, a me kahi hale kiʻi kiʻi liʻiliʻi. Ma waho, aia kahi paka ʻōmaʻomaʻo kahi e hiki ai iā ʻoe ke mahalo i nā kia hoʻomanaʻo kūikawā. Hiki ke noʻonoʻo pono ʻia ka Waihona Puke o Mokuʻāina ʻo Victoria kekahi o nā waihona waihona puke ʻokoʻa loa ma ka honua.
Huahana
ʻO nā hale waihona puke kūlohelohe loa o ka honua ʻaʻole i lilo i mau puʻupuʻu o ka ʻike nui wale nō, akā he mau hiʻohiʻona nani nō hoʻi kahi e makemake ai kahi huakaʻi ʻike e kiʻi. A ke kipa ʻana i nā waihona e hiki ai ke loli mau i ka noʻonoʻo e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā hale waihona puke.